Collective defense has returned to the forefront of NATO. This is largely due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2014, its illegal annexation of Crimea, and its subsequent, more brutal second invasion in 2022, all of which have forced NATO to challenge how it provides security to member states. I urged a fundamental review. Since then, the Alliance has had to relearn lost skills, replenish its ranks, and reinvest in supplies needed for territorial defense in ways it hasn’t since the late 1980s. This chapter places NATO’s return to collective self-defense in historical context and examines how NATO pursued security during and after the Cold War until the mid-2010s. This chapter also briefly outlines some of the most important challenges that NATO has faced since 2014 in adapting to the ‘cold peace’. A key question facing NATO today is whether the Allies have the capacity to maintain crisis management and security cooperation while at the same time fully embracing the right to collective self-defense.
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